Wikipedia ( http://www.wikipedia.org ) es una enciclopèdia que s'autoproclama: "The Free Encyclopedia" ("L'enciclopèdia lliure"). Res més llunt de la realitat. En tota provabilitat, el proyècte Wikipedia està sent soportat i controlat pel mateix sector de l'imperialiste catalaniste que ha aconseguit obtindre del ICANN el domini d'Internet .cat (sector en contactes a molt alt nivell dins de la ret global d'Internet).

 Resulta molt chocant comprovar com en la versió inglesa d'esta enciclopèdia si algú edita (a consevòl hòra del dia o de la nit) pàgines que fan referència als idiomes valencià i català i introduix concèptes i arguments diferents als que escampa el catalanisme imperialiste, estos comentaris "seccessionistes" desapareixen als pocs minuts i se restablixen íntegrament els tèxts catalanistes originals.
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian )
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language )

 Chocant també resulta vore com en la versió catalana de Wikipedia ( http://ca.wikipedia.org ) la pàgina que fa referència a la llengua catalana se tròba tancà en "pastell i forrellat" sense possibilitat alguna de poderla editar ( http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catal%C3%A0 ).

 Evidentment, tot apunta a que la "llibertat" de Wikipedia no deixa de ser molt pareguda als eufemismes als que els imperialistes catalanistes de "pensament únic" i pseudocientífic mos tenen acostumats.

 En tot cas, no estaria de més anar a Wikipedia de tant en tant i deixar constància dels nostres arguments i de la nostra convicció de que "MAI MOS FARAN CATALANS" (Pàgina de la llengua valenciana en la versió catalana: http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenci%C3%A0 )

 A continuació tèxts valencianistes en inglés i instruccions pa substituir les pàgines catalanistes de Wikipedia (versió inglesa) que fan referència als idiomes valencià i català.
 

 TEXT VALENCIANISTE EN INGLES PA SUBSTITUIR L'ARTICUL CATALANISTE SOBRE:

 CATALAN LANGUAGE (WIKIPEDIA INGLES)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language

- SELECCIONAR EL TEXT SANCER QUE ESTA DINS DE LA FINESTRA DE MES AVALL (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- COPIAR EL TEXT SELECCIONAT (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- ENTRAR A LA PAGINA DE L´ANTERIOR ENLLAÇ I PUNCHAR, DALT DE TOT, EN "edit this page"
- SELECCIONAR I BORRAR TOT EL TEXT DE DINS DE LA FINESTRA DE LA PAGINA D´EDICIO (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- PEGAR EL TEXT COPIAT D´ESTE MENSAGE EN LA FINESTRA BUIDA (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt de la finestra en el botó dret del ratolí)
- PER APLICAR ELS CANVIS PUNCHAR EN EL BOTO "Save page" (BAIX DE LA FINESTRA D´EDICIO A L´ESQUERRA)

{{language |name=Catalan |nativename=català |familycolor=Indo-European |states=[[Spain]], [[France]], [[Andorra]] and [[Italy]] |region=[[Catalonia]], [[Balearic Islands]], [[Roussillon]], [[Aragon]],[[Sardinia]] and [[Andorra]] |speakers=More than 5 million<!-- see sources (and links) in the section [[#Number of Catalan speakers]] below --> |fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]] |fam3=[[Romance languages|Romance]] |fam4=[[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] |fam5=[[Western Romance languages|Western]] |fam6=[[Gallo-Iberian|Gallo-Iberian]] |fam7=[[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] |fam8=[[East Iberian languages|East Iberian]] |nation=[[Andorra]]; [[Catalonia]], [[Balearic Islands]] in [[Spain]] |agency=[[Institut d´Estudis Catalans]] |iso1=ca|iso2=cat|iso3=cat}} {{Template:Catalan-speaking world|right}} ´´´Catalan´´´ (´´Català´´) is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]], the national language of [[Andorra]] and co-official in two regions of [[Spain]]. Spain has the majority of active Catalan speakers, and Catalan is the country´s second most widely spoken language. It is spoken or understood by as many as 5 million people who live not only in Andorra and Spain, but also in parts of [[France]] and [[Italy]]. ==Classification== Catalan is a [[Romance languages|Romance language]]. According to the [[Ethnologue]], its specific classification is a member of the [[East Iberian languages|East Iberian]] branch of the [[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] branch of the [[Gallo-Iberian languages|Gallo-Iberian]] branch of the [[Western Italo-Western|Western]] sub complex of the [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] complex of the [[Romance languages|Romance]] group of the [[Italic languages|Italic]] branch of the [[Indo-European]] [[language family]]. It shares many features with both [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[French language|French]], and is the language nearest to [[Occitan]], and is often thought of as a sort of "transitory" language between the [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberian]] and [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallic languages]] when comparing the modern descendants of [[Latin]]. ==Geographic distribution== {{main|Catalan countries}} Estimates of the number of Catalan speakers vary from four million to twelve million. [http://www.caib.es/conselleries/educacio/dgpoling/user/catalaeuropa/reduides/tripticangles.pdf] (pdf), [http://www.brazilbrazil.com/roman.html], [http://193.2.100.60/SALTMIL/history/review.htm], [http://www.scbwi.org/pubs/bulletin/bull_archives/jan_feb_2003/intl_news.htm], [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=CLN]. Catalan is spoken in: *[[Catalonia]] in [[Spain]]. *An adjacent strip of [[Aragon]], [[Spain]], in particular the ´´comarques´´ of Baixa [[Ribagorça]], [[Llitera]], [[Baix Cinca]], and [[Matarranya]]. *[[Balearic Islands]] in [[Spain]]. *[[Andorra]]. *[[Northern Catalonia]] in [[France]]. *The city of [[Alghero]] (´´l´Alguer´´) on [[Sardinia]], an island in [[Italy]]. ===Official status=== Catalan is the official language of [[Andorra]]. It is co-official in the Spanish regions of [[Catalonia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]. === Number of Catalan speakers === ==== Territories where Catalan is official ==== {| style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1.4em; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border=1 |- style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;" |Region |Understands |Can speak |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |[[Catalonia]] ([[Spain]]) | align="right" |5,837,874 | align="right" |4,602,611 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |[[Balearic Islands]] ([[Spain]]) | align="right" |733,466 | align="right" |504,349 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" |[[Andorra]] | align="right" |62,381 | align="right" |49,519 |- style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" |´´´TOTAL´´´ | align="right" |´´´6,633,721´´´ | align="right" |´´´5,156,479´´´ |} ==== Other territories ==== {| style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1.4em; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border=1 |- style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;" |Region |Understands |Can speak |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |[[Alghero]] ([[Sardinia]], [[Italy]]) | align="right" |20,000 | align="right" |17,625 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" |[[Roussillon]] ([[France]]) | align="right" |203,121 | align="right" |125,622 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |[[Franja de Ponent|Aragonese Fringe]] ([[Spain]]) | align="right" |47,250 | align="right" |45,000 |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |Rest of World | align="right" |No data | align="right" |350,000 |- style="background-color:#FFFFFF;" |´´´TOTAL´´´ | align="right" |´´´270,371´´´ | align="right" |´´´538,247´´´ |} ==== World ==== {| style="margin: 0 0 0.5em 1.4em; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; float: center;" border=1 |- style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;" |Region |Understands |Can speak |- style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" |[[Catalan Countries]] ([[Europe]]) | align="right" |6,633,721 | align="right" |5,156,479 |- style="background-color:#E4E4E4;" |Rest of World | align="right" |No data | align="right" |350,000 |- |´´´TOTAL´´´ | align="right" |´´´6,633,721´´´ | align="right" |´´´5,506,479´´´ |} <small>´´´´´Notes:´´´´´ The number of people who understand Catalan includes those who can speak it.</small> <small>´´´´´Sources:´´´´´ ´´´Catalonia´´´: Statistic data of 2001 census, from ´´Institut d´Estadística de Catalunya, Generalitat catalana´´ [http://www.idescat.net/territ/BasicTerr?TC=5&V0=3&V1=3&V3=876&V4=17&ALLINFO=TRUE&PARENT=1&CTX=B]. ´´´Balearic Islands´´´: Statistical data from 2001 census, from ´´Institut Balear d´Estadística, Govern de les Illes Balears´´ [http://www.caib.es/ibae/demo/catala/t2.htm]. ´´´Northern Catalonia´´´: ´´Media Pluriel´´ Survey commissioned by Prefecture of [[Languedoc-Roussillon Region]] done in October 1997 and published in January 1998 [http://www.linmiter.net/information_catalan.html]. ´´´Andorra´´´: Sociolinguistic data from Andorran Government, 1999 [http://www.catala.ad/CatalaAnd/DadSocLin.htm]. ´´´Aragon´´´: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/catala/an/e19/e19.html]. ´´´Alguer´´´: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic [http://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/homect/index2.html]. ´´´Rest of World´´´: Estimate for 1999 by the ´´Federació d´Entitats Catalanes´´ outside the Catalan Countries.</small> ==Dialects== [[Image:Mapa dialectal del català-valencià.png|thumb|250px|Varieties of Catalan]][[Image:Mapa dialectal del català.png|thumb|right|250px|Dialectal Map of Catalan Language]]In 1861, [[Manuel Milà i Fontanals]] (leader of the political movement pro catalanist) proposed a dialectal division of Catalan in two major blocks: Eastern Catalan and Western Catalan ( nowadays, theory questioned from many areas). There is no precise linguistic border between one dialect and another because there is nearly always a dialect transition zone of some size between pairs of geographically identified dialects, (except for dialects specific to an island). The main difference between both blocks is: *´´´Western Catalan´´´ (´´Bloc o Branca del Català Occidental´´): **Unstressed vowels: {{IPA|/a, e, i, o, u/}}. Distinctions between ´´e´´ and ´´a´´ and ´´o´´ and ´´u´´. **Initial or <!-- this next word is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> post-consonatic ´´x´´ is affricate {{IPA|/t?/}}. Between vowels or <!-- this next pair of words is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> final preceded of ´´i´´, {{IPA|/j?/}}. **<!-- this next phrase is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> 1st person of Indicative´s present desinence is -e or -o. **<!-- this next word is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> Inchoative in -ix, -ixen, -isca **Maintenance of medieval nasal plural in <!-- this next word is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> proparoxiton words: hòmens, jóvens **Specific Vocabulary: espill, xiquet, granera, melic... *´´´Eastern Catalan´´´ (´´Bloc o Branca del Català Oriental´´): **Unstressed vowels {{IPA|/?, i, u/}}. The unstressed vowels ´´e´´ and ´´a´´ becomes /?/ and ´´o´´ and ´´u´´ becomes /u/. **Initial or <!-- this next word is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> post-consonatic ´´x´´ is fricative {{IPA|/?/}}. Between vowels or final preceded of ´´i´´, {{IPA|/?/}}. **<!-- this next phrase is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> 1st person of Indicative´s present desinence is -o, -i or ø. **<!-- this next word is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> Inchoative in -eix, -eixen, -eixi. **The -n- of medieval nasal plural falls in <!-- this next word is probably wrong, but I don´t know what´s right, please remove this comment after fixing or confirming. - [[User:Jmabel]] --> proparoxiton words: homes, joves. **Specific Vocabulary: mirall, noi, escombra, llombrígol... In addition, neither dialect is completely homogenous: any dialect can be subdivided into several sub dialects. Catalan can be subdivided in two major dialectal blocks and those blocks into individual dialects: {| border=0 cellspacing=10 cellpadding=10 | width="50%" valign=top bgcolor="#E7E7FF" | ´´´Western Catalan´´´ * ´´North-Western Catalan´´ (colour:green) ** ´´Ribagorçà´´ (from Ribagorça, a region of Catalonia) ** ´´Pallarès´´ (from Pallars) ** ´´Lleidatà´´ (from Lleida province) * ´´Southern Catalan´´ ** ´´Tortosí´´ (from Tortosa) ** Catalan from [[Matarranya]] | width="50%" valign=top bgcolor="#E7E7FF" | ´´´Eastern Catalan´´´ * ´´Northern Catalan, or ´´rossellonès´´, from [[Roussillon]].´´ (colour: blue) * ´´Central Catalan´´ (colour: light blue) ** ´´Salat´´ from the Costa Brava* ** ´´Barcelonès´´ ** ´´Tarragonès´´ ** ´´Xipella´´ * ´´Balearic´´ (colour: light green) ** ´´Mallorquí´´ ** ´´Menorquí´´ ** ´´Eivissenc´´ from [[Ibiza]] (Catalan: ´´Eivissa´´) * ´´Alguerès´´, from the Italian city of [[Alghero]] (Catalan: ´´Alguer´´) |} See [[Catalan dialect examples]] for examples of each dialect. == The status of Valencian == [[image:Valenciamaydayposter.jpg|300px|right|thumb|A poster in [[Catalan]] from the Spanish trade union federation displayed in [[Valencia]]]] The Valencian language and the Catalan one are two independent languages. It is consequence of having had differentiated origins and a different linguistic evolution throughout many centuries in different social-linguistic, political-cultural and geographical spaces for each language. Though it is evident that all the neo-Latin Hispanic languages have high degrees of similarities and seemed among them. The Valencian language does not belong to any "linguistic catalan diasystem" because such a "linguistic catalan diasystem" does not have real existence. This false "linguistic catalan diasystem" was invented at the beginning of the XXth century by the pseudoscientific intellectuality of the Catalan nationalism, with the intention of giving independence and range of idiom to the Catalan language, since the Catalan language was considered to be a dialect of the Occitanian language and included in the "linguistic romanic-occitanian diasystem". In such a way that, the false "linguistic catalan diasystem" has been constructed, out of any scientific rigor, truncating artificially the "linguistic romanic-occitanian diasystem", in the pretension of giving to the Catalan dialect a prevalence and protagonism that does not have, and with the last purpose of absorbing to the Valencian language inside the Catalan language in order to increase fallaciously the number of catalan speakers and in this way to give to the imperialistic project of the fictitious and non-existent "Països catalans" ("catalan countries") a bigger political and social importance. Nowadays, the "linguistic romanic-occitanian diasystem" is a system formed by some languages with big similarities but that by origin and evolution they have developed enough differences to be considered different and independent languages each of others. Or saying it in other words, though the Valencian language could belong to the "linguistic romanic-occitanian diasystem" it has got enough differences to be a different, independent and autonomous language of the Catalan language. With the intention of absorbing the Valencian language inside the Catalan one, the catalan intellectuality of the 19th century invented the term "Western Catalan" ("catalán occidental") being based on some lexical and phonetic similarities that the languages of the zone of Lerida(Lleida) had with the Valencian language. The centers of decision and performance of the universities (and other political and cultural areas also) are managed since many years ago by catalanist people. It obeys to a campaign perfectly organized and economically supported since many years ago by catalanist institutions and catalanist politicians. Catalanist ones try to substitute the Valencian language for the Catalan language and to install in the mind of the valencian people the false idea that the valencian people speak Catalan language, that they belong to "catalan nation" and that they belong to the (fictitious) "Països catalans" ("catalan countries"). All to obtain bigger political and economic power and to claim with more force the political independence of Catalonia. This catalan imperialist project is promoting the presence of the Catalan language in foreign universities and other institutions abroad of Catalonia, at the same time that they are presenting to the Valencian language as a dialect of the Catalan language and not as the independent and differentiated language that really it is. ==Sounds and writing system== {{main|Catalan phonology and orthography}} ==Grammar== {{main|Catalan grammar}} ==History== Catalan developed by the [[9th century|9th century]] from [[Occitan language|Occitan]] on both sides of the eastern part of [[Pyrenees]] mountains (counties of [[Roussillon]], [[Empuries]], [[Besalú]], [[Cerdagne]], [[Urgell]], [[Pallars]] and [[Ribagorça]]). It shares features with Gallo-romance and Ibero-romance, and it could be said to be in its beginnings no more than an eccentric dialect of [[Occitan language|Occitan]] (or of Western Romance). The language was spread to the south by the ´´[[Reconquista]]´´ in several phases: Barcelona and Tarragona, Lleida and Tortosa and transplanted to the Balearic Islands and l´Alguer ([[Alghero]]). Catalan was exported in the 13th century to the Balearic Islands. During this period, almost all of the Muslim population of the Balearic Islands were expelled. During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries the Catalan language was important in the [[Mediterranean]] region. Barcelona was the pre-eminent city and port of the so-called [[Aragonese Empire]], a confederation nominally ruled by the King of Aragon (Kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia, Sicily, — later — Sardinia and Naples and the Balearic Islands, and counties of Catalonia, Roussillon). No prose writers of this era used the name ´Catalan´ for their common language (e.g. the Catalan [[Ramon Muntaner]], the Majorcan [[Ramon Llull]], etc.) During the 15th and 16th centuries the independent Kingdom of Valencia gains pre-eminence in the Aragonese Empire, due to several factors, including demographic changes and the fact that the royal court moved there. Presumably as a result of this shift in the balance of power within the Empire, in the 14th century the name ´Valencian´ starts to be used by writers from Valencia to refer to their own language. In the 16th century the name ´Llemosí´ (that is to say, "the Occitan dialect of [[Limoges]]") is first documented as being used to refer to this language. This attribution has no philological base, but it is explicable by the complex sociolinguistic frame of Catalan poetry of this era (Catalan versus troubadoresque Occitan). [[Ausias March]] himself was sure to call the language he was writing as "Valencian" Then, during the 16th century, most of the Valencian elites switched languages to Castilian Spanish, as can be seen in the balance of languages of printed books in Valencia city: at the beginning of century Latin and Valencian were the main languages of the press, but by the end of the century Spanish was the main language of the press. Still, rural areas and urban working classes continued to speak their vernacular language. During the first half of the 19th century Catalan and Valencian experienced a major revival among urban elites due to the [[Renaixença]], a [[romanticism|romantic]] cultural movement. The effects of this revival persist to this day. According to [[language politics in Francoist Spain]] (1939-1975), the use of Castilian over Catalan was promoted, though thousands of books were published in Catalan. Following the death of Franco in [[1975]] and the restoration of democracy, the use of Catalan increased and the Catalan language is now used in politics, education and the media, including the newspapers ´´Avui´´ (´Today´), ´´El Punt´´ (´The Point´) and ´´El Periódico de Catalunya´´ (sharing content with its Spanish release and with ´´El Periòdic d´Andorra´´, printed in [[Andorra]]; ´´El Periódico de Catalunya´´ has Spanish-language and Catalan-language editions, with identical content) and the [[television]] channels of ´´Televisió de Catalunya´´ (TVC): TV3 and Canal 33/K3 (culture and cartoons channel) as well as a 24 hour news channel 3/24; there are also many local channels available in region in Catalan, such as BTV and CityTV (Barcelona), Canal L´Hospitalet (L´Hospitalet de Llobregat) and Canal Terrassa (Terrassa). ==Examples== {{IPA notice}} Some common Catalan phrases (pronounced as in the Central dialect -Barcelona and outskirts-): *Catalan: ´´Català´´ {{IPA|/k?t?ˈlɑ/}} *hello: ´´hola´´ {{IPA|/ˈɔl?/}} *good-bye: ´´adéu´´ {{IPA|/?ˈðɛw/}} (sing.); ´´adéu siau´´ {{IPA|/?ˈðɛw siˈaw/}} (pl.) *please: ´´si us plau´´ {{IPA|/sisˈplɑw/}} *thank you: ´´gràcies´´ {{IPA|/ˈgrɑsi?s/}}; ´´mercès´´ {{IPA|/m?rˈsɛs/}} *sorry: ´´perdó´´ {{IPA|/p?rˈðo/}} *that one: ´´aquest´´ {{IPA|/?ˈkɛt/}} (masc.); ´´aquesta´´ {{IPA|/?ˈkɛst?/}} (fem.) *how much?: ´´quant val?´´ {{IPA|/ˈkwɑmˈbɑl/}}; ´´quant és?´´ {{IPA|/ˈkwɑnˈtes/}} *yes: ´´sí´´ {{IPA|/ˈsi/}} *no: ´´no´´ {{IPA|/ˈno/}} *I don´t understand: ´´No ho entenc´´ {{IPA|/ˈno w?nˈte?/}} *where´s the bathroom?: ´´on és el bany?´´ {{IPA|/ˈonˈez?lˈßaɲ/}}; ´´on és el lavabo?´´ {{IPA|/ˈonˈez?lˈl?ˈßɑßu/}} *generic toast: ´´salut!´´ {{IPA|/s?ˈlut/}}; *Do you speak English?: ´´Que parla l´anglès?´´ {{IPA|/k? ˈparl? l?nˈglɛs/}} *Do you speak Catalan?: ´´Que parla el català?´´ {{IPA|/k? ˈparl?l k?t?ˈlɑ/}} ==Learning Catalan== * ´´Digui, digui... Curs de català per a estrangers´´. A Catalan Handbook. — Alan Yates and Toni Ibarz. — Generalitat de Catalunya. Departament de Cultura, 1993. -- ISBN 84-393-2579-7. * ´´Teach Yourself Catalan´´. — McGraw-Hill, 1993. — ISBN 0844237558. * ´´Colloquial Catalan´´. — Toni Ibarz and Alexander Ibarz. — Routledge, 2005. — ISBN 0415234123. Catalan courses are given at many universities in the EU and USA. ==English words of Catalan origin== *[[Mayonnaise]], one of the proposed etymologies is the name of the city of [[Maó]]/Mahón. ==See also== * [[Common phrases in different languages]] * [[Institut d´Estudis Catalans]] (Catalan Studies Institute) * [[Pompeu Fabra]] * [[Catalan literature]] * [[Languages of France]] * [[:Category:Languages of Italy|Languages of Italy]] * [[:Category:Languages of Spain|Languages of Spain]] * [[Spanish and Portuguese names|Catalan names]] * [[:.cat|New Catalan top-level domain .cat]] ==External links== {{InterWiki|code=ca}} {{Commons|Catalan language}} ===Institutions=== * [http://www.iec.es/ Institut d´Estudis Catalans] ===About the Catalan language=== * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cat Ethnologue report for Catalan] * [http://catalunya-lliure.com/recursos.html Catalan resources in the Web] * [http://www.spinnoff.com/zbb/viewtopic.php?t=7983&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0 GRAMÀTICA CATALANA] A Catalan grammar ===Dictionaries and phrasebooks=== * [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Catalan-english/ Catalan English Dictionary] from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster´s Online Dictionary] - the Rosetta Edition * [http://pdl.iec.es/entrada/diec.asp Diccionari Català de l´IEC] * [http://www.grec.net/home/cel/dicc.htm/ Online Catalan dictionary] from Enciclopèdia Catalana * [http://dcvb.iecat.net/ Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear]. In Catalan, published by the Institut d´Estudis Catalans and Editorial Moll. * [http://www.dilc.org/ Diccionari Invers de la Llengua Catalana] * [http://www.catalandictionary.org/ DACCO]. Open source English-Catalan / Catalan-English dictionary project. * [http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Catalan_phrasebook Wikitravel Catalan phrasebook] * [http://www.geocities.com/learn_catalan/ Learn Catalan!]. An introduction for the Catalonia-bound traveler. ===Catalan-language media=== * [http://www.tvcatalunya.com/ ´´Televisió de Catalunya´´] * [http://www.avui.com/ Diari ´´Avui´´] — Catalan-language daily newspaper * [http://www.elpunt.com/ Diari ´´El Punt´´] — Catalan-language daily newspaper * [http://www.vilaweb.com/ ´´VilaWeb´´] The main Catalan online newspaper * [http://wikibooks.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal Catalan Wikibooks] ===Catalan-language web searching=== * [http://ct.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Català] Searching in Catalan * [http://www.nosaltres.com/ Nosaltres.com] * [http://www.google.com/intl/ca/ Google (Catalan language)] ===Catalan-language online encyclopedia=== *[http://www.enciclopedia-catalana.com/ Enciclopèdia Catalana] (in Catalan) *[http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada/ Viquipèdia] (Wikipedia in Catalan) [[Category:Catalan language]] [[Category:Languages of France]] [[Category:Languages of Italy]] [[Category:Languages of Spain]] [[Category:Languages of Andorra]] [[Category:Romance languages]] {{Link FA|ca}} [[af:Katalaans]] [[ar:????????? (???)]] [[an:Idioma catalán]] [[ast:Catalán]] [[bg:?????????? ????]] [[br:Katalaneg]] [[ca:Català]] [[cs:Katalánština]] [[cy:Catalaneg]] [[da:Catalansk (sprog)]] [[de:Katalanische Sprache]] [[et:Katalaani keel]] [[el:?ata?a???? ???ssa]] [[es:Idioma catalán]] [[eo:Kataluna lingvo]] [[eu:Katalan]] [[fr:Catalan]] [[fy:Katalaansk]] [[gl:Lingua catalana]] [[ko:?????]] [[hr:Katalanski jezik]] [[id:Bahasa Katalan]] [[ia:Lingua catalan]] [[it:Lingua catalana]] [[he:???????]] [[kw:Katalanek]] [[la:Lingua Catalana]] [[li:Catalaans]] [[nl:Catalaans (taal)]] [[nds:Katalaansch]] [[ja:???????]] [[nn:Katalansk språk]] [[oc:Catalan]] [[pl:Jezyk katalonski]] [[pt:Língua catalã]] [[ro:Limba catalana]] [[rm:Lingua catalana]] [[ru:??????????? ????]] [[simple:Catalan language]] [[fi:Katalaani]] [[sv:Katalanska]] [[tr:Katalanca]] [[wa:Catalan]] [[zh:????]]

 

 TEXT VALENCIANISTE EN INGLES PA SUBSTITUIR L'ARTICUL CATALANISTE SOBRE:

 CATALAN COUNTRIES (WIKIPEDIA INGLES)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Countries

- SELECCIONAR EL TEXT SANCER QUE ESTA DINS DE LA FINESTRA DE MES AVALL (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- COPIAR EL TEXT SELECCIONAT (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- ENTRAR A LA PAGINA DE L´ANTERIOR ENLLAÇ I PUNCHAR, DALT DE TOT, EN "edit this page"
- SELECCIONAR I BORRAR TOT EL TEXT DE DINS DE LA FINESTRA DE LA PAGINA D´EDICIO (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- PEGAR EL TEXT COPIAT D´ESTE MENSAGE EN LA FINESTRA BUIDA (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt de la finestra en el botó dret del ratolí)
- PER APLICAR ELS CANVIS PUNCHAR EN EL BOTO "Save page" (BAIX DE LA FINESTRA D´EDICIO A L´ESQUERRA)

 

[[Image:Mapa dels Països Catalans.png|thumbnail|right|Map of [[Catalan Countries]] with current political [[border]]s]] {{Catalan-speaking world|right}} "Països catalans" is a political invention, not much older than a century, elaborated by politicians and ideologists of Catalonia who dreamed with a "Great Catalonia" independent of Spain and formed by the catalan counties (Catalonia), the French Roussillon, a band of Aragon bordering on Catalonia, the islands Balearics and the historical Kingdom of Valencia. This non-historical imperialist project named "Països catalans" tries to be raised on the base of a false slogan that impregnates the catalan nationalism: "A (Catalan) language, A (catalan) nation".Therefore, the catalanist ones, using the lie and the manipulation, try to make believe that the valencian people speak Catalan language to introduce them inside the "catalan nation" and inside these (fictitious and non-existent) "Països catalans" ("catalan countries"). As by historical, political, linguistic and cultural aspects it is more that demonstrable that the valencian people and the Kingdom of Valencia always have been independent from the catalan counties (nowadays "Catalonia"), the catalanist ones have intruded into the educational valencian system to spread their ideas from there. In such a way that teachers and professors teach to the valencian children the foreign Catalan language under the name of "well spoken" Valencian language, while these same teachers discredit to the genuine Valencian language naming it "incorrectly spoken" Valencian language. Besides, also the catalanist teachers teach a history full of subliminal slogans in favour of the phantasmagoric "Països catalans" and false "catalan-Aragonese" empires. This indoctrination effected to the valencian children tries to favor the catalan culture and the ideal ones of a "great Catalonia" while they conceal real valencian culture to the valencian children. == Different meanings and controversy == The catalanist imperialism wants to include the valencian people inside of the "catalan nation" and the catalanist ones spread the lie that the valencian people speak Catalan language but with the name of "Valencian". The catalanist nationalism, basing itself on this false premise, interprets that if the valencian people belong to the "catalan nation", the lands of the Kingdom of Valencia would belong to the political invention known as "Països catalans" ("catalan countries") (A recent political invention without any type of historical, social or cultural base that lately the catalanist ones are also giving the name of "Eurorregión"). == See also == * [[Crown of Aragon]] Historic origin of Catalan countries * [[History of Catalonia]] * [[Catalan independence]] == External links == * "Catalan Countries" in the english version of the ´´Catalan [http://www.grec.net/cgibin/dificil.pgm?USUARI=&SESSIO=&PGMORI=E&NDCHEC=0048266 Hiperencyclopedia]´´. * [http://www.filmod.unina.it/aisc/ Associazione italiana di studi catalani] (in Italian) {{commons|Catalan Countries}} {{Balears-stub}} {{Catalonia-stub}} {{Valencia-stub}} {{spain-geo-stub}} {{france-geo-stub}} [[Category:Catalan Countries]] [[Category:Politics of Spain]] [[Category:Politics of France]] [[ca:Països Catalans]] [[de:Països Catalans]] [[es:Países Catalanes]] [[fr:Pays catalans]] [[sl:Katalonske države]]

 

 TEXT VALENCIANISTE EN INGLES PA SUBSTITUIR L'ARTICUL CATALANISTE SOBRE:

 VALENCIAN (WIKIPEDIA INGLES)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian

- SELECCIONAR EL TEXT SANCER QUE ESTA DINS DE LA FINESTRA DE MES AVALL (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- COPIAR EL TEXT SELECCIONAT (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- ENTRAR A LA PAGINA DE L´ANTERIOR ENLLAÇ I PUNCHAR, DALT DE TOT, EN "edit this page"
- SELECCIONAR I BORRAR TOT EL TEXT DE DINS DE LA FINESTRA DE LA PAGINA D´EDICIO (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt del tèxt en el botó dret del ratolí)
- PEGAR EL TEXT COPIAT D´ESTE MENSAGE EN LA FINESTRA BUIDA (utilisant el menú que apareix punchant damunt de la finestra en el botó dret del ratolí)
- PER APLICAR ELS CANVIS PUNCHAR EN EL BOTO "Save page" (BAIX DE LA FINESTRA D´EDICIO A L´ESQUERRA)

 

{{dablink|This page deals with language. For other uses of ´´´Valencian´´´, see [[Valencia (disambiguation)]].}} {{language|name=Valencian |nativename=Valencià |familycolor=lawngreen |states=[[Spain]] |region=[[Valencia]] |speakers= |rank=´´Not in top 100´´ |family=[[Indo-European]]<br>  [[Italic languages|Italic]]<br>   [[Romance languages|Romance]]<br>    [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]<br>     Western<br>      [[Gallo-Iberian languages|Gallo-Iberian]]<br>       [[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]<br>        [[East Iberian languages|East Iberian]]<br>         ´´´[[Valencian]]´´´ |nation=[[Valencia]] in [[Spain]] |agency=[[Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua]] |iso1=va|iso2=val|sil=val}} ´´´Valencian´´´ is the language spoken in the [[Land of Valencia]] (former Kingdom of Valencia), [[Spain]], and is one of the two co-official languages declared in the Valencian [[Statute of Autonomy]]: Valencian and Castilian ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]). ==History of Valencian language== [[Image:Tirant.jpg|right|thumb|One of the first few pages of ´´[[Tirant lo Blanc|Tirant lo Blanch]]´´, by [[Joanot Martorell|Joanot Martorell]]]] The proper language of the valencian people is the Valencian language. A neo-Latin language derived from the vulgar Latin spoken in Valencian lands before the "Reconquest", and that, in the Middle Ages, was strongly influenced by other neo-Latin languages of the Iberian peninsula and south of France that came to Kingdom of Valencia. The "ancient Valencian language" was spoken by the roman-hispanic people and their descendants who continued living in Valencian lands after the conquest of the roman-gothic Spain by the Moors. The Moors forced to the submitted autochthonous roman-hispanic population to live in suburbs separated of the Muslims. Suburbs where they continued using their vernacular Latin language, even in the cases in which they had had to resign of the Christian religion and to accept the Moslem religion to avoid reprisals of certain fundamentalist Moslem groups. Besides, some of the Moslem men got married with roman-hispanic women which continued speaking to their sons in "ancient Valencian language", the only language that they knew. In such a way that the Valencian language also was intruded and used relatively among the Moor. The invading Moors did not massacre the autochthonous roman-hispanic people but they submitted them and used them (with taxes and services), as one of the sources of richness of the dominant Moslem elites. The roman-hispanic people, also known as "mossaraps" (christians living in Moorish part of Spain), were living in suburbs separated from the Moors, keeping their customs and their Valencian language. In very concrete epochs of Moslem fanaticism, the Moors forced to part of the valencian roman-hispanic people to accept the Moslem religion without for it they were stopping speaking their Valencian language (actually a great part of the "converted" men would be bilingual due to the social and labour relations that they were having with the Moors, whereas their wives would continue speaking in Valencian language as consequence of being socially separated from the moorish community). Besides, many of these "converted ones" were only in appearance, ("cripto-Christians"), therefore they recovered the Christian religion after the "Reconquest" and they never lost their Valencian language. ==Features of Valencian language== {{IPA notice}} This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian. There is a great deal of variety within the Land of Valencia, and the features below do not apply to every speaker at all. * A system of 7 stressed vowels {{IPA|/a, e, ?, i, o, ?, u/}}, reduced to 5 in unstressed position ({{IPA|/e, ?/ > [e], /o, ?/ > [o])}} * In general, use of modern forms of the determinate article (´´el, els´´) and the 3rd person unstressed object pronouns (´´el, els´´), though some sub-dialects (for instance the one spoken in Vinaròs area) have ´´lo´´, ´´los´´. For the other unstressed object pronouns, etymological old forms (´´me, te, se, ne, mos, vos...´´) can be found, depending on places, in conjunction with the more modern ones (´´em, et, es, en´´) * Valencian has preserved mediaeval prepalatal afficates {{IPA|[d?],[t?]}} in contexts where other modern dialects have developed fricatives {{IPA|[?]}} or {{IPA|[j?]}} * Valencian preserves the final stop in the groups [mp, nt, ?k, lt]. The sub-dialect spoken in Benifaio and Almussafes area, some 20 Km south from the city of Valencia, remarks these final consonants. * Valencian articulates etymological final [r] in all contexts, although this cannot be generalized since there are valencian sub-dialects which do not articulate the final [r] * Valencian preserves the mediaeval system of demonstratives with three different levels of demonstrative precision (´´este´´ or ´´este/açò/ací, eixe´´ or ´´eixe/això/aquí, aquell/allò/allí´´ or ´´allà´´) * Valencian has -i- as theme vowel for incoative verbs of the 3rd conjugation ´´este servix´´ (´´this one serves´´), although, again, this cannot be generalized since there are valencian sub-dialects which pronnounce an -ei- (´´aquest serveix´´) * [[Subjunctive]] imperfect morpheme /ra/: ´´que ell vinguera´´ (´´that he might come´´), only used. * Widespread use of the pronouns ´´mosatros, vosatros´´ with some local variations:´´moatros, natros, voatros, valtros´´. * ´´En´´ for ´´with´´. * Gemination of D in some contexts Some other features, such as the use of ´´molt de´´ or the lack of ´´hom´´ or geminate L. ==Sub-varieties of Valencian== * Northern or transition Valencian: spoken only in the northern part of the province of [[Castellón (province)|Castellón]], and the area of [[Matarranya]] in the province of [[Teruel (province)|Teruel]], in towns like Benicarlo or Vinaròs. Northern Valencian is very similar to the Catalan of the [[Tortosa]] area, in the province of [[Tarragona (province)|Tarragona]]. Final "r" isn´t pronounced in infinitive ("kan´ta" instead of "kan´tar" is pronounced) and old articles "lo, los" are used instead of "el, els" (lo xic, los hòmens). *Castellonenc: spoken in Castellón. Main feature easy to recognise is the use of "e" sound instead of standard "a" (Als matins ell "cante" en la dutxa" instead of ell canta - He sings in the shower in the morning). * Central or ´´apitxat´´, spoken in [[Valencia]] city and its area. This is not taken as standard by the Valencian TV or radio. ´´Apitxat´´ has two distinct features: ** All voiced sibillants get unvoiced (that is, apitxat pronounces {{IPA|[´t?ove] [´kasa]}} (´´young man´´, ´´house´´), where other Valencians would pronounce {{IPA|[´d?ove], [´kaza]}}) (feature shared with [[Ribagorçan]]) ** It preserves the strong simple past, which has been substituted by an analytic past with <small>VADERE</small> + [[infinitive]] in the rest of modern Catalan variants (the simple past is still preserved incomplete in [[Ibiza]]). For example "ahir aní a passejar" instead of "ahir vaig anar a passejar" (I went for a walk yesterday). *Southern: spoken in the counties between the province of Valencia and the province of Alicante. Main feature is the "harmonia vocàl·lica". Two syllable words with an open E or O ending in A are pronounced with an open E or O in the end position. Examples are "terra" {{IPA|/t?r?/}} (earth or land), "porta" {{IPA|/p??t?/}} (door) or "dona" {{IPA|/d?n?/}}(woman). * Alacantí: spoken in most of the province of [[Alicante (province)|Alicante]], and the area of [[Carxe]] in the province of [[Murcia (province)|Murcia]]. ==English words of Valencian origin== *[[Barracks]], from ´´barraca´´, used for several kinds of buildings. ==External links== {{InterWiki|code=ca}} * [http://www.avl.gva.es/ Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua] * [http://www.idiomavalencia.cjb.net Idioma Valencià (English version)] Unofficial normatives: * [http://www.racv.es/ Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana] * [http://www.llenguavalenciana.com/ Language section of the Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana] * [http://www.llenguavalencianasi.com/ Llengua Valenciana Si] [[Category:Land of Valencia]] [[Category:Languages of Spain]] [[Category:sociolinguistics]] [[ca:Valencià]] [[de:Valencianische Sprache]] [[es:Idioma valenciano]] [[he:??????]] [[pl:Jezyk walencki]] [[sv:Valencianska]]